Wagner Military Art of the Dutch Army of William Iii
| William III | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 William photographed by Maria Hille, c. 1887 | |||||
| King of the Netherlands | |||||
| Reign | 17 March 1849 – 23 November 1890 | ||||
| Inauguration | 12 May 1849 | ||||
| Predecessor | William Two | ||||
| Successor | Wilhelmina | ||||
| Grand Duke of Luxembourg | |||||
| Reign | 17 March 1849 – 23 Nov 1890 | ||||
| Predecessor | William Two | ||||
| Successor | Adolphe | ||||
| Duke of Limburg | |||||
| Reign | 17 March 1849 – 23 August 1866 | ||||
| Predecessor | William 2 | ||||
| Built-in | (1817-02-19)19 February 1817 Palace of the Nation, Brussels, United Kingdom of holland | ||||
| Died | 23 Nov 1890(1890-11-23) (aged 73) Het Loo Palace, Apeldoorn, Netherlands | ||||
| Burial | 4 December 1890 Nieuwe Kerk, Delft, Netherlands | ||||
| Spouse | Sophie of Württemberg (m. 1839; died 1877) Emma of Waldeck and Pyrmont (thou. 1879) | ||||
| Issue among others... |
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| House | Orangish-Nassau | ||||
| Father | William Ii of the Netherlands | ||||
| Mother | Anna Pavlovna of Russia | ||||
| Organized religion | Dutch Reformed Church | ||||
William Three (Dutch: Willem Alexander Paul Frederik Lodewijk; English: William Alexander Paul Frederick Louis; xix Feb 1817 – 23 November 1890) was Male monarch of the Netherlands and Grand Duke of Luxembourg from 1849 until his death in 1890. He was besides the Duke of Limburg from 1849 until the abolition of the duchy in 1866.
William was the son of King William II and Anna Pavlovna of Russia. On the abdication of his grandfather William I in 1840, he became the Prince of Orange. On the death of his father in 1849, he succeeded equally king of the Netherlands.
William married his cousin Sophie of Württemberg in 1839 and they had three sons, William, Maurice, and Alexander, all of whom predeceased him. After Sophie'southward decease in 1877 he married Emma of Waldeck and Pyrmont in 1879 and they had 1 daughter Wilhelmina, who succeeded William to the Dutch throne. Meanwhile, being the last agnatic dynastic descendant of Otto I, Count of Nassau, the throne of the G Duchy of Luxembourg passed to his patrilineal seventeenth cousin once removed (and matrilineal third cousin), Adolphe. As of 2022[update], he is the last Dutch monarch to dice whilst on the throne every bit all his successors have abdicated in favor of their children.
Early life [edit]
William was born on xix February 1817 in the Palace of the Nation in Brussels,[1] which was office of the United kingdom of the Netherlands at the fourth dimension. He was the eldest son of the hereafter king William II of kingdom of the netherlands and Anna Pavlovna of Russia. He had three brothers, ane of whom died in infancy, and one sister.[2]
In 1827, at the age of ten, he was made an honorary colonel in the Royal Netherlands Army. In the 1830s, he served as lieutenant in the Grenadiers Regiment. In 1834, he was fabricated honorary commander of the Grenadiers Regiment of Kiev nr. five in the Imperial Russian Army.[3]
He married his first cousin, Sophie, daughter of Male monarch William I of Württemberg and Thousand Duchess Catherine Pavlovna of Russia, in Stuttgart on eighteen June 1839. This union was unhappy and was characterized by struggles about their children. Sophie was a liberal intellectual, hating everything leaning toward dictatorship, such equally the army. William was simpler, more conservative, and loved the military. He prohibited intellectual exercise at abode, for which action Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom, who corresponded with Princess Sophie, called him an uneducated farmer.[ commendation needed ] His extramarital enthusiasms, all the same, led the New York Times to call him "the greatest debauchee of the age".[four] Another cause of marital tension (and later political tension) was his capriciousness; he could rage against someone ane twenty-four hours, and be extremely polite the adjacent.
William loathed the 1848 constitutional changes initiated past his father (William 2) and Johan Rudolf Thorbecke. His father saw them equally key to the monarchy'south survival in irresolute times. Sophie, who was a liberal, also shared this view. William himself saw them as useless limitations of royal power, and would have preferred to govern as an enlightened despot in the mold of his grandfather, William I.
He considered relinquishing his right to the throne to his younger brother Henry and later to his older son. His mother convinced him to cancel this action. The Dutch constitution provided no mode to relinquish one's merits to the throne.
On 17 March 1849, his begetter died and William succeeded to the throne of the Netherlands. He was at that moment a guest of the Duchess of Cleveland in Raby Castle. Representatives of the Dutch government traveled to London to encounter their new king in London. William was reluctant to render, just he was convinced to practise and so. Upon arrival the new Queen welcomed her spouse with the question "did you have?". The new king nodded, but he remained uncertain near the matter for some time.[5]
Reign [edit]
King William III of kingdom of the netherlands
William repeatedly contemplated abdicating as shortly as his eldest son William, Prince of Orange, turned eighteen. This occurred in 1858, simply equally William was uncomfortable making a decision he remained king. His first act was the inauguration of the parliamentary cabinet of Thorbecke, the liberal designer of the 1848 constitution, whom William loathed.[ citation needed ]
When the Roman Catholic bureaucracy of bishops was restored in 1853, he plant growing bourgeois back up and a reason to dismiss Thorbecke. In the first ii decades of his reign, he dismissed several cabinets and disbanded us-General several times, installing royal cabinets which ruled as long as there was support in the elected second bedroom of parliament.[ citation needed ]
In what became known every bit the "Luxembourg Insurrection of 1856", William unilaterally instituted a new, reactionary constitution for Luxembourg, which he ruled personally, separate from the Netherlands crown.[six]
In 1867, French republic offered to purchase Luxembourg, leading to the Luxembourg Crisis, which almost precipitated state of war betwixt Prussia and France. However, the subsequent Second Treaty of London re-established Luxembourg as a fully contained country.[ citation needed ]
During his reign, the male monarch became more and more unpopular with his bourgeois-liberal subjects, his whims provoking their resistance and mockery, only remained quite pop with the mutual homo.[7] [eight]
The male monarch was a homo of immense stature and with a boisterous vocalisation. He could be gentle and kind, and then suddenly he could become intimidating and even trigger-happy. He kicked and hit his servants nearly. He was inclined to terrorize and humiliate his courtiers. The king was cruel to animals every bit well. His ministers were agape of him. Most people around him agreed that he was, to some degree, insane.[five]
Queen Emma and King William III
The king could be erratic, he ordered the dismissal and fifty-fifty the arrest and execution of those that he establish in lack of respect, including a Mayor of The Hague. Orders like these were disregarded. The male monarch who thought of himself every bit a specialist on all matters military machine frequently tried to have command of manoeuvres, creating anarchy wherever he went.[5]
In 1877, Queen Sophie died and years of war in the palace came to an cease. In the same year, Male monarch William announced his intention to marry Émilie Ambre, a French opera vocalizer, whom he ennobled as countess d'Ambroise – without government consent. Under pressure level from society and the government, he abandoned these marriage plans.[9] [10]
William remained eager to remarry. In 1878, he outset proposed to his niece, Princess Elisabeth of Saxe-Weimar. He then considered marriage with Princess Pauline of Waldeck and Pyrmont, a small High german principality, and Princess Thyra of Denmark, who had her own private scandalous history.[ commendation needed ]
He finally decided to ally Pauline's younger sister Emma. Some politicians were quite angry, as she was 41 years the king's junior. Emma showed herself, all the same, as a cordial woman. William asked permission from parliament, this was hands granted. The couple were quickly married in Arolsen on seven January 1879.[ commendation needed ]
Emma had a relieving influence on William'due south arbitrary personality and the wedlock was extremely happy. The last decade was without any doubt the best of his reign.[ citation needed ] The king had stopped interfering with virtually aspects of authorities. In 1880, Wilhelmina was born. She became heir presumptive in 1884 later the death of the terminal remaining son from William's commencement matrimony. Many potential male heirs had died between 1878 and 1884.[ citation needed ]
King William became seriously ill in 1887. He was suffering from a kidney-ailment. However, in 1888, he personally presented a gilded medal of honour to the lifeboat hero Dorus Rijkers, for saving the lives of 20 people.[ citation needed ]
Funeral of William Three in 1890
In 1888 and 1889, the ailing rex became increasingly demented. The Quango of Land and and then Queen Emma became regents.[5] William III died in Het Loo in 1890. Considering Wilhelmina had not yet reached adulthood, Emma became regent for her daughter. She would remain regent until Wilhelmina'due south eighteenth birthday in 1898.[ commendation needed ]
Family and effect [edit]
Of William Three's iv legitimate children, three reached adulthood, two sons from his union to Queen Sophie and ane girl from his union to Queen Emma:
- Willem Nicolaas Alexander Frederik Karel Hendrik (1840–1879). Heir apparent to the Throne from 1840 till his death.
- Willem Frederik Maurits Alexander Hendrik Karel (1843–1850).
- Willem Alexander Karel Hendrik Frederik (1851–1884). Heir credible to the Throne from 1879 till his death.
- Wilhelmina Helena Pauline Maria (1880–1962). Queen of kingdom of the netherlands from 1890 to 1948.
Standing at vi'five" (196 cm) he was an uncommonly big and strong man.[11] William III was known to be a philanderer and had several dozen illegitimate children from diverse mistresses.[12] [13]
Honours and arms [edit]
- National orders and decorations
- Founder and Joint Grand Master of the Gild of the Aureate Lion of Nassau, 16 March 1858 [14]
- Foreign orders and decorations
-
Russian Empire: Knight of St. Andrew, seven April 1817 -
Kingdom of Prussia:[xv] - Knight of the Black Hawkeye, 29 December 1833; with Collar, 1878
- G Commander'southward Cross of the Royal House Order of Hohenzollern, 24 August 1878
-
Kingdom of Hanover: - Thousand Cross of the Royal Guelphic Society, 1836 [16]
- Knight of St. George, 1849 [17]
-
Württemberg: 1000 Cross of the Württemberg Crown, 1838 [18] -
Espana: Knight of the Gilded Fleece, February 1842 [19] -
Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach: Grand Cross of the White Falcon, 17 April 1843 [20] -
Kingdom of belgium: M Cordon of the Gild of Leopold (civil), 15 April 1849 [21] -
Sweden-Norway: - Knight of the Seraphim, 23 May 1849 [22]
- Grand Cross of St. Olav, 18 March 1851 [23]
-
Denmark: Knight of the Elephant, 24 August 1849 [24] -
Austrian Empire: K Cross of St. Stephen, 1849 [25] -
Electorate of Hesse: Knight of the Aureate Lion, 30 May 1858 [26] -
Grand Duchy of Hesse: Grand Cantankerous of the Ludwig Society, 29 December 1858 [27] -
Nassau: Grand Cantankerous of Adolphe of Nassau, with Swords, June 1858 [28] -
Baden:[29] - Knight of the House Order of Fidelity, 1858
- Grand Cross of the Zähringer Lion, 1858
-
Kingdom of Bavaria: Knight of St. Hubert, 1861 [30] -
Kingdom of Saxony: Knight of the Rue Crown, 1862 [31] -
Mexican Empire: Thousand Cantankerous of the Mexican Eagle, with Neckband, 1865 [32] -
Monaco: Thousand Cross of St. Charles, 13 April 1875 [33] -
Ernestine duchies: Grand Cross of the Saxe-Ernestine House Order, 1878 [34] -
Empire of Japan: Thousand Cordon of the Order of the Chrysanthemum, vii May 1880 [35] -
United Kingdom: Stranger Knight of the Garter, 24 April 1882 [36] -
Kingdom of Italy: Knight of the Annunciation, two Jan 1883 [37] -
Kingdom of Portugal: Grand Cross of the Tower and Sword[38]
Beginnings [edit]
References [edit]
- ^ (in Dutch) Z.M. (koning Willem Iii) Willem Alexander Paul Frederik Lodewijk, koning der Nederlanden, groothertog van Luxemburg, prins van Oranje-Nassau, Parlement & Politiek. Retrieved on 21 February 2015.
- ^ (in Dutch) Z.M. (koning Willem II) koning Willem Frederik George Lodewijk , koning der Nederlanden, groothertog van Luxemburg, hertog van Limburg, prins van Oranje-Nassau, Parlement & Politiek. Retrieved on 21 February 2015.
- ^ (in Dutch) Koninklijke ere-commando'south en militaire erefuncties Archived 2012-03-16 at the Wayback Auto, Nationaal Militair Museum. Retrieved on 21 February 2015.
- ^ "Holland's Queen" - New York Times September 26, 1897
- ^ a b c d Dik van der Meulen, William Iii Biography 2013
- ^ "Proposition de revision portant modification et nouvel ordonnancement de la constitution du Luxembourg" (PDF) (in French). Council of Europe. 26 August 2009. Retrieved half-dozen December 2009.
- ^ Elzinga, D. J., ed. (2007). The Dutch constitutional monarchy in a changing Europe. Kluwer. pp. 125 & 129. ISBN978-90-13-04866-7.
- ^ Janssens, A. Fifty. J. (2008). Uitingsdelicten (in Dutch). Kluwer. p. 177. ISBN978-90-13-04880-iii.
- ^ M.A.M. Beekelaar (1989). "Heeckeren tot Kell, Willem baron van (1815–1914)" (in Dutch). Instituut voor Nederlandse Geschiedenis. Retrieved 31 August 2009.
- ^ van den Bergh, H.; Vinken, P.J. (2002). Klein republikeins handboek: honderd misverstanden over de monarchie (in Dutch). Uitgeverij Boom. pp. 58–59. ISBN90-5352-734-6.
- ^ William III of holland "a very alpine and strong man, he was initially seen as a father effigy to most of his subjects, unaware of his tantrums and philandering means"
- ^ "Willem I en Three hadden bastaarden". NOS . Retrieved 2016-07-21 .
- ^ William III and his mistresses (Dutch)
- ^ Staats- und Adreß-Handbuch des Herzogthums Nassau: 1859. Schellenberg. 1859. p. 7.
- ^ Königlich Preussische Ordensliste (in German), vol. 1, Berlin, 1886, p. 4, 935
- ^ Hof- und Staatshandbuch für das Königreich Hannover: 1846. Berenberg. 1846. p. 58.
- ^ Staat Hannover (1865). Hof- und Staatshandbuch für das Königreich Hannover: 1865. Berenberg. p. 37.
- ^ Württemberg (Kingdom). Statistisches Landesamt (1877). Staatshandbuch für Württemberg. Druck von Westward. Kohlhammer. p. 21.
- ^ "Caballeros de la insigne orden del toisón de oro". Guía Oficial de España (in Spanish). 1887. p. 146. Retrieved 21 March 2019.
- ^ Staatshandbuch für das Großherzogtum Sachsen / Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach (1846), "Großherzogliche Hausorden" p. 13
- ^ "Liste des Membres de l'Ordre de Léopold", Almanach Royal Officiel (in French), 1850, p. 33 – via Athenaeum de Bruxelles
- ^ Sveriges och Norges statskalender. Liberförlag. 1874. p. 468.
- ^ Sveriges och Norges statskalender. Liberförlag. 1874. p. 703.
- ^ Jørgen Pedersen (2009). Riddere af Elefantordenen, 1559–2009 (in Danish). Syddansk Universitetsforlag. p. 467. ISBN978-87-7674-434-two.
- ^ "A Szent István Rend tagjai" Archived 22 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Hessen-Kassel (1859). Kurfürstlich Hessisches Hof- und Staatshandbuch: 1859. Waisenhaus. p. sixteen.
- ^ Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Hessen (1879), "Großherzogliche Orden und Ehrenzeichen" p. 11
- ^ Staats- und Adreß-Handbuch des Herzogthums Nassau (1866), "Herzogliche Orden" p. 12
- ^ Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Baden (1862), "Großherzogliche Orden" pp. 33, 45
- ^ Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Königreichs Bayern: 1877. Landesamt. 1877. p. viii.
- ^ Sachsen (1866). Staatshandbuch für den Freistaat Sachsen: 1865/66. Heinrich. p. four.
- ^ "Seccion 4: Ordenes del Imperio", Almanaque regal para el año 1866 (in Spanish), 1866, p. 243, retrieved 29 Apr 2020
- ^ Sovereign Ordonnance of 13 April 1875
- ^ Staatshandbücher für das Herzogtum Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha (1884), "Herzogliche Sachsen-Ernestinischer Hausorden" p. 32
- ^ 刑部芳則 (2017). 明治時代の勲章外交儀礼 (PDF) (in Japanese). 明治聖徳記念学会紀要. p. 143.
- ^ Shaw, Wm. A. (1906) The Knights of England, I, London, p. 66
- ^ Italy : Ministero dell'interno (1889). Calendario generale del Regno d'Italia. Unione tipografico-editrice. p. 52.
- ^ "Grand Crosses of the Lodge of the Tower and Sword". geneall.net. Retrieved 2018-09-21.
External links [edit]
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Media related to William III of the Netherlands at Wikimedia Commons
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_III_of_the_Netherlands
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